Country |
1999 |
1998 |
1997 |
1996 |
1995 |
% change in five years |
Share in 99 |
World |
23.80 |
23.75 |
24.29 |
19.23 |
19.00 |
24.75% |
|
India |
12.00 |
12.00 |
12.00 |
10.00 |
10.00 |
20.00% |
50.4% |
China |
2.10 |
2.10 |
2.10 |
1.00 |
0.98 |
114.2% |
8.9% |
Mexico |
1.50 |
1.47 |
1.50 |
1.40 |
1.34 |
11.9% |
6.00% |
Thailand |
1.25 |
1.25 |
1.35 |
0.65 |
0.65 |
92.3% |
5.2% |
Philippines |
0.93 |
0.93 |
0.98 |
0.48 |
0.43 |
116.2% |
3.9% |
Pakistan |
0.91 |
0.91 |
0.91 |
0.85 |
0.88 |
3.4% |
3.8% |
Nigeria |
0.73 |
0.73 |
0.69 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
46.00% |
3.00% |
Indonesia |
0.60 |
0.60 |
0.11 |
0.73 |
0.78 |
(-)23% |
2.5% |
Brazil |
0.60 |
0.60 |
0.60 |
0.41 |
0.41 |
46.3% |
2.5% |
Egypt |
0.23 |
0.22 |
0.23 |
0.18 |
0.18 |
27% |
0.9% |
Source:F.A.O./U.N
World production
of mangoes stood at 19 million tones in 1995, which rose to
23.8, million tones in 1999,registering an increase of 24.75%
over the five years. Philippines and China have achieved much
over 100% increase in mango production during that period.
Thailand is another country, which has also registered a
significant increase. Rise in Pakistan's annual mango
production during 1995-1999 is only 3.4 %• Our share in global
mango production in 1999 is 3.8%.
In 1999, about 2776 thousand hectares were under mango
cultivation in the world.
India cultivates mangoes on 1300 thousand hectares, while
mango cultivation in China,
Mexico and Indonesia is on 214 thousand hectares, 162 thousand
hectares and 150 thousand hectares, respectively. Land under
mango cultivation in Pakistan is 92.8 thousand hectares, and
that in Philippines is 93.9 thousand hectares.
In Pakistan, while mangoes are also cultivated in Balochistan
and N.W.F.P, the fruit is
mainly grown in Sindh and southern Punjab. Mirpur Khas and
Multan are noted for their
huge mango gardens. Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Naushahroferoz,
Khairpur (Mir's), Rahim Yar Khan, Bhawalpur, Mu:afargarh,
Sheikhupura are important mango growing areas in the country.
Mango production in Khanewal, Sahiwal, Vehari, Okara,
Faisalabad, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh
and Sargodha etc is also considerable. Varieties of mangoes
are various. Their number is infinite. But, only a select few
have commercial significance. Some of the principal varieties
of Pakistan are described here.
Sindhri: Sindhri
is the best of all varieties grown in Pakistan. The colour of
this variety is yellow, the rent colour of mangoes. Sindhri is
large in size, beautiful in shape and superb in taste. In
colour, in shape and in taste, the variety has no rival, no
match. It is simply peerless. It is a very delicious mango.
Had Shakespeare ever tasted the variety,
he would have spontaneously sung:
Deliciousness the
name is Sindhri
The shelf-life of the variety is longer than most of
other varieties. It has proportionately larger eating mass.
Sindhri. indeed, is a perfect mango.
Chaunsa:
Among the late varieties of the country, Chaunsa i^ the
choicest.
It has a unique and appealing aroma. In size, the variety is
medium large.
Dasehri:
Then, we have Dasehri, 'the small wonder. It is small in size
only, but big in all other attributes of a mango. It is very
sweet and tasty. Its skin is stiff, which fully protects the
eatable pulp inside.
Langra:
Mangoes, when ripe, usually change their colour from green to
yellow or yellowish red. But, we have a variety in Pakistan,
which does not change its colour even on ripening. It is
Langra, the green beamy1. It comes in market earlier then
Sindhri. Eating qualities of the variety are excellent.It is
sweet and juicy. It is a medium-sized fruit.
Sonaro:
Sonaro, a variety mostly cultivated in Khirqur-Sukkur belt ,is our
'heavy-weight champion' in. mangoes. It weight is over
one pound. Weight wise Sonaro is No.l in Pakistan. It comes in
August. It is excellent for juicing.
Anwar Katole, Saroli. Fajri, Malda, Gulab Khns, Totapari.
Beganpali ,Collestor Neelam, Pndam and Sensation etc are
other important varieties of the mangoes.
Among a total of
75 mango export (re-exporting )countries in the
world Mexico, Philippines and Pakistan lead the list.
Table - II Global Export of
Mangoes
Quantity (000
Tons)
Country |
1998 |
1997 |
1996 |
Share in 98 |
World |
509.8 |
465.8 |
416.6 |
41 % |
Mexico |
209.4 |
187.1 |
165.0 |
10.3% |
Philippines |
52.5 |
45.0 |
40.2 |
7.8% |
Pakistan |
40.2 |
25.0 |
18.3 |
7.6% |
Brazil |
39.2 |
23.3 |
24.2 |
|
India |
26.7 |
26.7 |
26.7 |
5.2% |
Netherlands |
17.1 |
24.7 |
21.3 |
3.3% |
Peru |
10.5 |
9.4 |
12.1 |
2% |
Guatemala |
10.2 |
9.5 |
8.5 |
1.9% |
France |
9.0 |
8.4 |
3.4 |
1.7% |
Haiti |
7.1 |
10.0 |
8.2 |
1.3% |
Source F.A.O./U.N
As indicated in
Table - II, Mexico is the single largest mango exporting
country in the world and takes a lions share (41%) in
international mango market. In 1998, when total world
exports were 509.8 thousands tons. this country exported 209.4
thousand tons of mangoes. Philippines and Pakistan
respectively rank the second and third largest international
suppliers of the fruit. Getting 7.6 % of world mango
market, Pakistan achieved a wonderful growth of 119% rising
from 18.3 thousand tons in 1996 to 40.2 thousand tons in
1908. India registered a zero increase in mango
export during the same period.
The Netherlands
and France do not produce mangoes. But these countries among
of the first ten mango exporters of this fruit
Table - III Global Import of
Mangoes
Country |
1998 |
1997 |
1996 |
Share in 98 |
World |
456.8 |
432.9 |
394.6 |
|
U.S.A. |
197.4 |
186.5 |
171.3 |
43.2 |
China
Hong Kong (SAR) |
46.5 |
39.1 |
35.4 |
10.18 |
The
Netherlands |
34.6 |
34.0 |
25.2 |
7.5 |
U.A.E. |
24.0 |
24.0 |
35.4 |
5.2 |
France |
22.4 |
22.7 |
17.5 |
4.9 |
Malaysia
|
28.7 |
13.5 |
13.5 |
4.5 |
U.K. |
18.0 |
17.8 |
15.7 |
3.95 |
Saudi Arabia |
18.1 |
18.1 |
12.8 |
3.9 |
Germany |
17.4 |
17.1 |
12.8 |
3.8 |
Singapore |
10.7 |
10.6 |
12.1 |
2.3 |
Source: F.A.O./U.N.
The USA's
imports of mangoes are the highest (43.2%) in the world. In
1998, it imported 197.4 thousand tons of the fruit. Chnia ,
Hong Kong, the Netherlands. UAE. France. Malaysia. the UK and
Saudi Arabia, Germany and Singapore are other major importers
of mangoes.
About 85% of Pakistani mangoes are shipped to Dubai. The
rest are exported to around 25-30 countries in various pans of
the world The prominent among them include Saudi Arabia,
the U.K., Bahrain and Singapore.
Recommendations:
(i) We must focus on Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore in the
Far East and the Netherlands, France, the U.K. and German v in
Europe for developing mango exports from Pakistan.
(ii) In order to chalk out a long-term action plan for
achieving a rapid growth in mango production, processing and
exports, a Match Making ; conference on mangoes may be held in
Karachi in December, this year. All stakeholders in the fruit,
including farmers exporters ,investors , packing material
suppliers, airlines scientists and researcher
may attend. Pakistanis living abroad engaged in mango related
business may also be invited. Government agencies like EPB,
P1DC. ADBP. MINFAL may co-sponsor the conference. EPB may
coordinate. The conference will also serve as a forum, where
interested mango growers, processors and exporters can
finalize direct business deals for the year -2001 (.and
beyond) mango crops.
(iii) Mango orchards, rather all fruit orchards
,of ten acres and above may be declared as industry. All
facilities available to an industry in a rural area ( such as Gadoon Amazai industrial area) including the facility of duty
free import cooling plants, fruit farming and
processing machinery and equipment, refrigerated vehicles for
transportation of fruits may be allowed to such orchard
industries.
(iv) Marketing
side of our agriculturists is very poor. They do not get
appropriate returns from their fruit farms. Farmers may,
therefore, be encouraged and assisted, technically and
financially, to establish Growers Marketing Association (GMA)
to be responsible for procuring agriculture products from
the farmers and selling it profitably on their behalf in the
country and abroad. For this purpose a reasonable number of
shops and godowns in fruit and vegetable markets in all major
cities like Karachi, Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas. Sukkur, Bahawa!pur,
Multan, Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Peshawar and Quetta
may be allotted to GMA. Growera ..iarketing Association may
also be assisted in operating cold storage, warehouses and
export houses in Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Singapore, the United Kingdom, Holland and Germany in
collabo-ratk ith GMA's counterpart organizations in these
countries.
(v) Real export culture and required infrastructure is yet to
be developed in Pakistan. To meet this er 4, Fruit and
Vegetable Export Villages may be established near the airports
of Karachi. Sukkur, Multan, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar and
Quetta. Facilities for packing and grading, cold storage may
be provided at these places on nominal charges.
(vi) Farmers
Associations operating in the country may group themselves
together to form Federation of Pakistan Farmers Association (FPFA)
to voice their view effectively on national level. The
Federation of Pakistan Farmers Association should make it a
point to formulate suggestions / recommendations at least
three month before the national budget, to be given to
policy makers enabling them (the policy makers) to prepare
farmer-friendly budgets. The same may be done in the case of
trade policy, as well.
(vii) There are complaints from commercial sections abroad
that some exporters from Pakistan are exporting artificially
ripened immature mangoes at the start of the season. This is
creating a bad impression about Pakistani mangoes in intema-tional market. To ensure that only fully mature mangoes
are exported, export of this fruit before the first day ot
June should not be allowed. Customs authorities may check the
initial consignments of each variety.
(viii) Present is the age of value addition. Mangoes should be
exported in value added form. The fruit may he processed into
juices, nectars and other value added products. The latest
trend for packing juice and nectar is tin and transparent
material. Mirpurkhas and Multan, as well as Karachi and Lahore
are ideal places for manufacturing value added mango products.
Pakistani as well as foreign investors may come forward and
seize the opportunity.
(ix) We are
allowing a subsidy in freight on export of potatoes, while
other vegetables and fruits stand ignored. Let there be a
uniform policy. A 25% subsidy in freight allowed in the case
of potatoes may also be given on export of all fruits
and vegetables, mangoes included.
(x) there is no dried mango
concept in Pakistan ,though it has the status of an industry
in quite a few countries .such as
Philippines, Entrepreneurs in Pakistan may
venture into this profitable field . ready buyer may be found
for this product in Europe , the USA and Japan.
Some
Useful Hints:
Various studies suggest the following useful hints for
enhancement of the level of the common approval and acceptance
for mangoes in the international markets:
Mango harvesting in early morning should be avoided to
reduce latex staining problems.
•
While harvesting, a stem of 1.5 cm should be left and
be trimmed back to 2.3 mm at packing.
• Before pacing, the fruit should be washed and given
fungicidal heat treatment. Mangoes are usually treated against
anthracnose with hot water (ISO Standard 6660-mangoes,
guide to storage).
•
The fruit must be cooled rapidly within 24 hours.
• Minimum weight of an individual mango meant for exports
should not be less than 220 g. The most saleable weights are
300-550 g. per fruit.
• Packaging used should be strong, preferably white,
attractive and clean.
•
Fruit should be individually wrapped in tissue paper packed
in one layer. A 2-kg packet, containing 5-7 mangoes, is
preferred in the Gulf and Europe.
• The box must have holes for enough ventilation, and should
lidded.
• In order to receive a tariff preferential treatment in
European countries and Japan, under their GSP Schemes, the
consignments must be accompanied by Form 'A', duly
authenticated by Export Promotion Bureau, Government of
Pakistan.