Rational
Agriculture: Pakistan’s Path to Prosperity
By Taimur Hyat Khan
Growing indications of low yields from GM crops in the field
have revealed that plant nutrition is more important than new
seeds. If we do not take advantage of the genetic potential of
existing seed through complete and eco safe plant nutrition
what is the use of new and improved seeds?
Introduction:
Organics; GMOs; Biotechnology; Transgenics; Super Organics;
Smart Breeding; Geonomics; DNA Markers; BigAg Monopolies;
Molecular Biology; Transgenomics; Apomixis; Disease
Resistance; Drought Tolerance; More Nutrition; Better Quality
and Quantity Food; Environmental Degradation & Protection;
Biodiversity; Soil & Water Conservation; Market Conditions and
a host of other issues confront the Bioenvironmental Manager.
Harsh words and extreme stands compounded by a lack of
Conflict Resolution Bodies or Measures, assail the manager and
she/ he is forced to take refuge in one or other camp in a
highly fractured and voluble mess of conflicting ideas.
However, there is but one absolute Truth or many compromise
paths that take due cognizance of all points of view but come
to rational conclusions.
Where does all this leave Sustainable and Sustained
Development Practioneers? Hopelessly frustrated by display of
emotions where pragmatism and rational thought is required.
Illegal funding of opponents to support the cause of vested
and Particular Interest Groups further compounds the problem.
Big money successfully uses media to perplex and obfuscate
issues in order to maintain a highly questionable Status Quo.
Of course Corruption, Nepotism and Resistance to Change are
the Big 3 hurdles that faithfully lie in waiting to frustrate
many a noble cause!
Where does this leave the malnourished, sick, homeless;
unemployed and poverty stricken? Continued anguish and acute
deprivation is their lot whilst pseudo intellectuals and
armchair idealists do their best to ensure continuity to
exploitation.
There is no villain versus hero; there is no black and white.
Instead there are many shades of gray that shift their hue and
saturation levels on an almost continuous basis. Today’s
villains can be tomorrow’s heroes and vice versa.
Rather than bewail our sorry fate, it might serve some purpose
to highlight the issues and arrive at rational conclusions in
order to impact malnourishment and ensure its eradication.
Issues:
Do we not realize that agriculture is not a natural
phenomenon! Replacing profuse biodiversity by single variety
crops that have been domesticated and bred for desirable
genetic traits or Smartly bred or Genetically Modified all lie
in the same class of manipulating Nature to serve human needs.
Increasing awareness has led to balancing human needs and
those of the environment and all other life forms. This
balance is important and extremely important!
The central issue of safe and sustainable agriculture to feed
a growing population is affected by many external factors.
These include politics; materialism; vested interests;
negative as opposed to proactive attitudes; resistance to
change; incompetence and lack of vision; selfishness and
greed; sloth and indifference as well as downright meanness.
In Agriculture entire ecosystems are plowed under increasing
susceptibility to soil erosion; encouraging pests; compacting
the ground; leaching nutrients; wasting precious water
resources; emitting green house gasses; requiring deadly
herbicides/ pesticides for protection and consuming fossil
fuels for tractors and pumps, thereby leading to toxic
emissions of fumes. All this results in severe disruption and
destabilization of the ecosystem and produces food that is
laden with toxic residue that leads directly to creating
medical problems for the consumer. As we eat for survival
there is no point in producing food in a manner that
negatively impacts the very survival that we are seeking. We
must Nurture Nature because Nature Nurtures us.
The Green Revolution increased yields and thus put off the
scepter of famine from many a 3rd World Country. However, this
revolution unwittingly fostered the pollution of the
environment by using unstabalized chemical fertilizers, which,
in turn led to the heavy use of pesticides. With growing
knowledge and a body of evidence to spur them on, Agri
Scientists applied their ingenuity to overcome these problems
while maintaining and even increasing yields. Some alarmists
pressed panic buttons and advocated return to natural farming;
a misnomer as there is nothing natural about farming. This
gave rise to Organic Farming, which name is used to include
the most unscientific of practices including the use of raw
manure and resultant chemical ill-affects that are similar to
that of unstabalized chemical fertilizers (excessive nitrate
nitrogen build up) and lead to pest infestations (Chemical
Trail – Chemitaxi for crawling insects and build up of
excessive amino acids to attract flying pests).
In reviewing all the prattle about modern Agriculture it has
become obvious to the author that we are confusing the issue
to no end whatsoever. It is undeniable, especially for a
Pakistani, that the Green Revolution saved millions from
starvation. However, it is also undeniable that this
revolution has polluted the environment. The rational recourse
was to apply human ingenuity and develop inputs that do not
harm the environment and at the same time provide the
nutrition required by a plant to enable commercial
exploitation that meets the needs of growing populations. The
axiom adopted by the Swiss Development Corporation is entirely
commendable and needs to be supported. Sustainable Development
that is Economically Sound; Ecologically Safe and Socially
Just:
A point that is being missed by almost all those who have so
volubly contributed to the Agricultural debate concerns Plant
Nutrition. All plants, whether they are:
Wild plants supported by Nature.
Organically grown plants arising from pre-tech, smartly bred
or genetically modified seed varieties;
Pre-tech, smartly bred or genetically modified seeds supported
by artificial fertilizers of the unstabalized variety;
Pre-tech, smartly bred or genetically modified seeds supported
by modern, hi-tech, environmentally safe inputs and organics.
When we learn that the use of uncomposted manure will result
in almost the same dangers to the environment as unstabalized
fertilizers and give rise to pest infestations similar to
them, we realize that extremist greenies and champions of the
Green Revolution are actually riding the same horse. The
advocates of Genetically Modified Seeds, who fail to realize
that these seeds often need more nutrition then their
unsophisticated counterparts due to greater genetic potential,
further compound this issue. This extra nutrition is not being
derided, as it is definitely cost effective as a result of
improved yields. Rather, the fact that extra unstabalized or
misconceived organic fertilizer will only add to the Earth’s
burden of human caused pollution.
Let us outline our surmises:
Organic Agriculture is much more than the use of manure.
Compost is an essential part of Organic Agriculture and is
indispensable to Agriculture of any kind. This is due to its
primary advantage of being an excellent and often vital soil
amendment. However, even the best organic agriculture cannot
produce sufficient food for the World’s growing population.
Use of unstabalized or toxic chemicals has to be banned
immediately in order to reverse their deleterious effects.
Complete, safe and rational plant nutrition makes efficient
use of the genetic potential of any seed, be it pre-tech,
domesticated and bred over the centuries; hybrid seed; smartly
bred seed (using gene mapping) or genetically modified seed.
Plants raised on complete nutrition (one that caters to all of
its requirements) are better able to fight disease and combat
adverse climate and other Negative Growth Factors.
Genetically modified seed will give rise to the same problems
as any other type of seed if Plant Management Systems are not
efficient; in accordance to the plant’s requirements or
environmentally safe.
Increased yields in accordance with genetic potential;
increased stress and disease resistance; denial of pest help
that arises from the use of unstabalized and unsafe Plant
Nutrition; environment friendly inputs are all due to Complete
and Safe 21st century Plant Nutrition.
Introduction of Genetically Modified Seeds without
introduction of safe inputs will add to rather than relieve
associated problems.
The question arises whether such Plant Nutrition exists or
not? The answer is a resounding YES! Thus the debate should
primarily revolve around Plant Nutrition. Careful examination
will reveal that both organic and green revolution agriculture
will be knocked out from scientific debate when it comes down
to feeding the World’s starving millions in a sustainable
manner. We cannot revert to pre-science agriculture and yet
feed the world; we can no longer ignore the threat to our
environment by irrational agriculture AND we cannot afford
unregulated science due to the ability to cause irreparable or
irreversible damage to the world. By this we mean only inbuilt
safety and monitoring mechanisms to prevent harm due to
indifference, incompetence or greed.
Are the environmentalists not aware that the real and most
important issue is Plant Nutrition and not Seed Manipulation!
If that is the case then God help the environment. It is my
guess that they are radicals and socialists who are opposed to
Capitalism and Multi National Corporations (MNCs). It is Big
Ag that is the target and not GEMs. Unfortunately BigAg holds
patents upon the technology and that is causing all the fall
out. However there is very little technical basis for the
controversy.
I hope to prove that correct and complete Plant Nutrition can,
not only serve to meet the growing demand for food but also
overcome the related environmental problems. Further Smart
Breeding and Genetic Engineering with requisite Oversight
Legislation and close monitoring is very much in the interests
of humanity at large and the entire Biosphere.
There is a strong requirement for R&D in Artificial
Photosynthesis and Biosynthesis for Food Security.
Over 800 million people around the world still go hungry every
day; half of them are suffering from severe malnourishment,
according to the World Bank. The world’s population continues
to expand and the UN estimates that the global population will
cross the 8 billion mark by 2025.
In addition, a 1997 World Bank report found that the per
capita acreage of cultivated land supporting food production
dropped by almost 50 percent between 1961 and 1997. This
figure is expected to fall another 40 percentage points or
more by 2050. At the same time, by 2025 some 3 billion people
in 52 nations—about 40 percent of the projected global
population—will face chronic water shortages, according to the
UN.
Background:
Life is perceived as a three-dimensional web, moving along a
time path as the fourth dimension. Complex and interdependent
relationships exist between various organic and inorganic
elements and compounds including higher life forms.
Plants alone have the capacity of capturing the energy from
the sun and using it to store this energy as food or fuel
while producing Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide as by-products.
Indeed the various essential nutrient elements required by
humans are made available from their inorganic mineral forms,
to humans, through plants or plant consuming animals.
Plants do not consume organic matter from the soil. This is a
200 years old concept that predates the discovery of the
plant’s requirements of mineral nutrition. In 1860, Julius Von
Sachs, a German plant physiologist, grew perfectly normal
plants in a solution of ten minerals without any soil at all.
Justus Von Liebeg, a German teacher of Agricultural Chemistry,
applied his knowledge of Chemistry to Agriculture and laid the
foundation of Chemical Fertilizers.
The Green Revolution used these chemical fertilizers to great
affect and dramatically increased yields which, when combined
with new hybrid seeds, ensured food for millions who would
have starved without this great benefit.
The birth of the Environment Movement and with increasing
knowledge and breakthroughs in many fields resulted in a
growing awareness of humanities interdependence with the eco
systems that they inhabit. Analysis showed the flaws and ill
affects of chemical fertilizers in the forms that they were
being used. More responsible scientists and an increasingly
influential Green Lobby created the need to overcome these
problems.
In 1997, Dr. Jerry Stoller, a German American Scientist,
introduced the Stoller Advantage of complete Plant Nutrition
to us in Pakistan. In answer to a request for better seed he
stressed the fact that we are not utilizing even 40% of the
genetic potential of what we already have. His argument was
that hormones drive the characteristics of a plant, not
fertilizers. The hormone balance of a plant dictates its
growth characteristics. Nutrients are used to derive these
hormones. Weather and its extremes of heat and drought
compounded by insects and disease, restrict genetic potential
utilization to 35 - 40%. Complete Plant Nutrition pushes this
efficiency up.
Here a big gulf and divide appeared with increasingly
extremist stands being taken on both sides. I refer to Organic
versus Chemical Agriculture. Here Chemical has come to mean
toxic and dangerous even though the origin of all life forms
is chemical. An offshoot of Genetically Modified Organisms
appeared on the scene and was quickly speculated upon and
patented by BigAg, which is treated as the enemy by the
Greenies. Many issues unrelated to Agriculture lie behind the
scene.
It would serve to enlist the various technologies being used
or being developed for Agriculture[1]. Our ancestors used
Plant breeding in the field for desirable genetic
characteristics and developed the plants that we use today.
The GEMS controversy is also covered[2].
q Wild Plants and the Prehistoric discovery that they were a
source of food.
q Domestication by 9000 BC in Turkey, Irrigated Agriculture in
Palestine by 6500 BC and 6000 BC in the Indus Valley.
q Hybridization by crossbreeding of sexually compatible
varieties for increased yields; resistance to insects,
pathogens, nematodes and fungi; resistance to adverse climate
conditions etc. begun by 5000 BC.
q 1650 – 1780 Chemistry evolves to pure science: Robert Boyle
– Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, the father of Modern Chemistry.
q 19th Century Science develops structural organic chemistry
despite scientific misconception that transformations
undergone by matter in living organisms are not subject to the
chemical and physical laws that apply to inanimate substances.
q 1828 Friedrich Wohler synthesizes urea, an organic compound,
in the laboratory.
q 1840 Justus Von Liebeg publishes works on the great chemical
cycles of nature. Points out that animals and humans would
disappear from the earth but for photosynthesizing plants,
which produce the complex organic compounds, required for
their nutrition.
q 1860s Louis Pasteur proves that yeasts and bacteria cause
fermentation and in some cases diseases.
q 1869 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from nuclei of pus
cells.
q 1877, ferments designated as enzymes.
q 1897, German Chemist E. Buchner proves that fermentation can
occur in a press juice of yeast and thus reduces life process
of living cells by analysis to a non-living system of enzymes.
q 1913 Haber – Bosch synthesis of Ammonia to lay basis for N
Fertilizer.
q 1926 first pure crystalline enzyme is isolated and
identified as urease, subsequently this and many other enzymes
proved to be proteins recognized as high-molecular weight
chains of subunits called amino acids.
q 1929 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) isolated from muscle and
demonstrated that its production is associated with oxidative
processes in the cell.
q 1935 radioactive isotopes of chemical elements used to trace
pathway of substances in plants and animals by two U.S.
chemists, R. Schoenheimer and D. Rittenberg.
q 1930s – 1940s, Sites of metabolic reactions by ingenious
technical advances in the studies of organs, tissue slices,
cell mixtures, individual cells and finally individual cell
constituents such as nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes,
lysosomes and membranes.
q 1940, F.A. Lipmann proposes that ATP is the common form of
energy exchange in many cells.
q 1944 significance of DNA as genetic material revealed.
q By 1954, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix
structure of DNA
q 1962 saw the publication by Rochelle Carson of “Silent
Spring” revealing the extensive ecological damage caused by
Agricultural Chemicals.
q 1965 Green Revolution using Chemical fertilizers; Hybrid
seed; other Agricultural Chemical and irrigation resulting in
enormous yield increases but reducing cultigens in use. Also
flood irrigation and unstabalized fertilizers compounded by
inefficient delivery to the plant led to environmental
pollution through Water Logging; Salinity; Release of Nitrous
Oxide through Volatilization (Green House Gas); Leaching of
Nitrates into Ground water; Escape of Phosphorus into surface
water to change plant populations by encouraging non fish food
plants and restriction of fish food (Eutrophication). However,
over a 30-year period the calories intake by every human being
in developing countries increased by 30 per cent.
q Wide crossing of sexually incompatible plants; Embryo Rescue
(removal of embryo after fertilization to be fostered in the
laboratory); Plant Mutation through chemicals and radiation.
q Complete Plant Nutrition involving pure minerals in eco
friendly and stabilized compositions; Seed Coating, Foliar
Application of Liquid Nutrients, Banding and Micro placement
of Nutrients to enhance efficiency and restrict availability
to undesirable species.
q Soil and Water Conservation.
q Anther & Tissue Culture for cloning plants.
q Recombinant DNA (rDNA); bioengineering by surgically
altering a plants genome leading to known and predictable
genetic changes.
q Widespread controversy surrounds bioengineering and
agriculture starting with:
Possible human health risks of genetically modified food and
whether every possible allergen in an engineered food could
possibly be tested in advance.
Crops engineered for herbicide resistance might create “super
weeds” by cross-pollinating with wild, weedy relatives growing
nearby. Cross-pollination could give those weeds unprecedented
resistance to the very weed killers that farmers were counting
on to control pest plants.
Experts predicted that plants endowed with the toxin genes
might accelerate the evolution of “superbugs”—insects
resistant to insecticide.
Many critics worry that the new agricultural biotechnology
will give a handful of giant, profit-driven companies too much
economic power over farmers.
Economic and ecological costs and benefits of these crops
appear to vary, depending on the region being studied and
local weather patterns in any given year.
Competing studies in 1999 offered contradictory answers to the
question of whether genetically modified crops actually bring
increased crop yields or environmental benefits, such as
reductions in pesticide use.
Poor farmers most in need of improved crop varieties are
typically the least able to afford the high prices of patented
seeds. Most of these farmers are in no position to promise
they will not save some of the precious seeds from year to
year.
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), a global treaty that
emerged from the June 1992 UN Earth Summit held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. The CBD called upon signatory nations to
develop a “biosafety protocol.” In January 2000 more than 130
nations signed the first such protocol in Montreal, Canada.
The agreement leaves many issues unresolved. But it offers at
least a glimmer of hope that developed and developing nations
will find a way to take advantage of the promising technology
without posing undue risks to human health or the environment.
q Natural hormones for changing genetic expression of a plant
to combat adverse climate conditions and affect micro
management of the Plant’s Growth Stages in order to ensure
greater utilization of genetic potential to raise yields and
improve quality[3].
q Smart breeding through gene mapping and marking
(Transgenomics).
q Apomixis; to inculcate cloning through the seed rather than
vegetatively in order to make plants produce genetically
identical offspring.
q Bio engineered, smartly bred or transgenomic seed to enhance
human nutrition via introduction of higher quality protein;
lower levels of saturated fats; increased vitamins and
minerals; reduction of natural toxins and allergens.
q Delivery of life-saving vaccines via the plant.
q Artificial Photosynthesis.
q Artificial Bio Synthesis of Food.
Nutrition:
The Natural World is subject to certain Laws and patterns that
serve to maintain a balance. This balance has led to
evolutionary adaptation and development of life forms that are
at the same time dependant upon Nature or the Eco System that
they inhabit in the overall Environment as well as
interdependent upon each other for survival. However, there
exist numerous and often deleterious affect causing human and
pest interventions that must be rationally and sustainably
managed on a sustained or self sustaining basis in order to
perpetuate the Bioenvironment and avoid breakdown. Homo
Technicalis has the ability to either nurture or destroy this
delicate balance. Only complete understanding and careful
monitoring can ensure correct and proper Bioenvironmental
Management.
The existing Food Chains and Webs need to be reinforced and
replenished in order to ensure health and continued
functioning.
The vital human requirements for food, water and air cannot be
left to the mercy of ruthless, short sighted and short-term
exploitation that leaves death, destruction and permanent loss
in its wake!
This fact is a dire necessity and can no longer be held in
abeyance. Nor is it productive to enter into useless and
repetitive argumentations. International and National Politics
cannot be allowed to subvert the achievement of Eco Stability.
We must realize that the “enemy” does not exist in other
Countries, nor do they adhere to “other” faiths, nor yet are
they of “different” races. The enemies of humanity belong to
every faith and come in different colors. The so-called
advanced, developed or civilized world is just as replete with
unscrupulous, materialistic, greedy, viscous individuals as
the 3rd World Countries. The garb of civilization, piety or
affluence does not serve to subdue the reptilian “claw that
lurks within a paw covered by an outstretched hand” which is
the phylo genetic patrimony of humanity.
A factor common to all of the before mentioned agricultural
developments and indeed part of them is Plant Nutrition. In
fact the basis of the controversy is the deleterious affects
of Plant Nutrition as introduced by the Green Revolution.
Rather than only highlight the positive results accrued by
this revolution, it would serve humanity to take lessons from
past mistakes or oversights and move to correct them. This
does not take from venerable reputations but rather reinforces
them by provision of continuity rather than termination. A
greater and deeper understanding of organics and their
inorganic building blocks is badly required.
Organics are high-energy-level compounds that have arisen due
to energy input (usually from the sun) to low-energy-level
inorganic elements and or compounds. Thus low-energy-level
inorganic materials arise to constitute the parts of
high-energy-level organic compounds and entities of
progressively higher life forms that, in turn are subject to
reversion to low-energy-level inorganic materials on
decomposition and/ or death[4]. With this as a fact there is
absolutely no basis for an organic versus inorganic debate
what so ever. The debate should revolve around the safety of
the introduction by humans of man-made materials into the
environment. In case they are not safe then safer materials
need to be developed and unsafe materials need to be banned
immediately or whenever such safe materials are available.
It is an inescapable fact that all life forms require
nutrition to maintain life. Modern research has shown that a
life form must change its physical constituents quite rapidly
in order to meet its growth and existence requirements. Indeed
we require a constant supply of all kinds of atoms, molecules
and compounds in order to replace what is being lost. The
environment provides us with air and water to fulfill our need
and indeed that of all life forms with Oxygen, Carbon and
Hydrogen which make up over 90% of the life form’s body, be it
human, animal or plants. Apart from this there are a number of
essential raw materials required, this placed is between
eighteen to forty for human beings. Of these eighteen are most
commonly required, i.e. fifteen apart from the three already
mentioned. These elements are the same for humans, animals and
plants.
As yet however, only plants are able to synthesize these raw
materials into assimilable forms and make them available to
humans and animals on an economic scale. There are six classes
of nutrients for humans; of these four supply indispensable
building materials. These are water; protein; minerals and
vitamins. The other two are classed as energy foods
(carbohydrates and fats, oils) and are interchangeable whereas
the previous four are not.
Just as living organisms shed their components and replace
them on a continuous basis thereby consuming energy so too
does Nature constantly consume energy through breakdown of
organic matter, weathering process in the soil, the
hydrothermal cycle and mobility of substances in soil, water,
and air. Many dynamic and interdependent chains and cycles
exist within the Biosphere as elements are cycled and
recycled, are consumed and/ or replenished, subjected to
output losses due to lack of input: output balance. Stable Eco
Systems are those wherein minerals (essential elements) and
particulate material are retained by recycling them within its
constituent sub-systems. It is important to note that
rebuilding of this dynamic recycling, in case of disruption,
can take from 60 to 80 years and longer depending upon the
severity of the disruption.
Secondly, it has taken millions of years for these Eco Systems
to evolve. For instance soil that has been either deposited or
built up in millions of years can be lost within a few years
if mismanaged. In a human adapted Agricultural Eco System the
cycling of nutrients involves:
Uptake by Plants.
Storage within the Organisms.
Harvest removal.
Return to Soil via:
Dead Organic matter.
Through inculcation of:
Plant Residue.
Manure/ Compost.
Human Agency Nutrient Provision.
Precipitation
Within natural Eco Systems, nutrient flow is conserved and
input and loss is usually of small quantities (especially in
terrestrial systems) compared with the volume, which
circulates within the system. In artificial or human
intervened systems, minerals which originated in underlying
rock strata or through sediment deposit:
Becomes part of Vegetation.
Vegetation regularly harvested and removed.
Thus large quantities of minerals are removed. If Compost or
well-rotted Farm Yard Manure is inculcated in the soil,
quantities of these minerals are returned to the soil and
fertility is replenished to the extent of addition. Since Farm
Yard Manure does not contain sufficient minerals to replace
those removed, unless prohibitively large quantities of rarely
available manure are added. Even when composted with
biodegradable organic material, the output: input ratio is not
balanced. Thus agricultural soils face continuous depletion
(Nutrient Mining). This is compounded by run off and leaching
losses due to poor cultural practices. Thirdly, over use of
deadly pesticides and herbicides tend to kill or eliminate
useful biota in the form of microbes and fungi. These biota
are of vital importance as they mineralize organic material
and provide them to plants and other energy pathways within
the Eco System.
Therefore if uptake is value 5, retention is 1 and return is 2
then Nutrient Mining output: input ratio will be 5:3
representing a net loss of 2 per crop leading to declining
fertility. When organic material and biota are absent or
deficient then the even 2 return is not, or partially
mineralized and will not be available to the plants. Thus our
Nutrient Reserves are soon exhausted.
If cultivated land is managed correctly, nutrient reserves can
be replenished and fertility levels can be increased. For
example nutrient loss from the Eco System is minimized by
presence of plants that hold soil through their roots and thus
prevent erosion; convert water run-off to evapo-transpiration
and restrict leaching losses; provide shade and reduce rates
of decomposition of organic matter so that the supply of
soluble ions available for loss via run-off is lessened.
IF SUFFICIENT NUTRIENTS AND COMPOUNDS ARE PROVIDED TO THE
PLANT, UPTAKE FROM THE RESERVE IS CURTAILED AND SOIL FERTILITY
IS MAINTAINED. These nutrients etc. must be in a chemical
form that makes it available to the plant and must be stable
and safe for the environment.
Thus we see that provision of Plant Nutrition and Correct
Cultural Practices are of prime importance. These are common
to all seed; often critical for hybrid or Genetically Modified
Organisms. If either of these two is not rational the result
is poor quality and quantity produce as well as more
susceptibility of the plant to Negative Growth Factors and
pest attacks.
Thus we see that humans require minerals either directly from
plants or from animals dependent upon plants (meat, milk, eggs
etc.). It is the human, animal or plant that makes organic
compounds out of basic essential building materials. Some of
these organic compounds are known as hormones, which are
described as chemical messengers that excite one response or
the other in the body’s organs or tissues.
Plants normally obtain their mineral requirements from the
soil and the ability of a soil to provide the proper elements
and compounds, in proper amounts and in proper balance for
growth of specified plants when temperature and other factors
are favorable is what determines soil fertility (proper means
in the ionic forms commonly absorbed by the plant).
With favorable temperature and availability of moisture, a
plant’s seed will swell and enzymes/ hormones become active
making the carbohydrates etc. present in the endosperm move
towards the embryo. This leads to growth of the shoot and
roots. When the root system extends into the soil coupled with
emergence of leaves and initiation of photosynthesis, a plant
is capable of attaining its nutrient requirements. At this
period and due to the fact that phosphorus is particularly
required at this stage of growth and also because phosphorus
is rare and if present is immobile in the soil and since root
systems are not yet extensive, a plant destined for
consumption is managed by provision of soluble phosphorus
fertilizer in a chemical form that makes it available to the
plant and should be ecologically safe.
This phosphorus can be derived from manure where it arose from
plant material ingested by the animal that fed upon it. Or
from compost where it is more abundantly available due to
composition of 30 parts bio degradable plant material and 1
part manure to form a 20:1 Carbon: Nitrogen ratio. However,
the problem of ensuring that the phosphorus ion is immediately
available to the seedling remains. To band large quantities of
manure or compost near the seedling or provide it
independently, either through banding or foliar sprays while
using compost or manure for its primary beneficial roles such
as:
q Serves as the principal storehouse for anions such as
nitrates, sulfates, borates, molybdates and chlorides that are
essential for plant growth.
q Increases CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) of soil by a factor
of 5 to 10 times that of clay.
q Acts as a buffer against rapid changes caused by acidity;
alkalinity; salinity; pesticides and toxic heavy metals.
q Supplies food for beneficial soil organisms like earthworms,
symbiotic Nitrogen fixing bacteria and mycorrihize (beneficial
fungus).
q Serves as recycling sink for organic waste and green manures
(animal manure, crop residues, household refuse and leguminous
plants collected within and outside the farm) and thus keeps
environment clean and hygienic.
q Softens the soil by introducing fibrous matter.
q Increases soil water retention capacity.
q Makes plants more resistant to pests and disease through
improved nutrient availability and uptake, resulting in
healthier plants with strong immune systems.
q Prevents soil acidification.
By either seed coating (not sufficient due to limited amount
of nutrients that can be coated) or foliar application, the
target plant is the sole beneficiary and weeds or other
undesirable plant species do not receive the nutrient.
Secondly, loss by leaching or run-off is reduced to almost
zero. This is more so if the nutrients are chelated {derived
from the Greek ‘Chelae’ or Claw and used to denote covering an
element with organic material to provide ionic bonding affect
of cation: anion (positive & negative ion attraction)}. The
chelated nutrient ions bond to the leaf and stem surface and
resist being washed off till they have a reasonable chance of
being absorbed by the plant’s tissue.
If we ensure that the nutrient element that we are providing
to our crops are not dangerous to the environment and other
life forms. If we provide the crops with these safe nutrients
in a responsible manner and if these nutrients are
sufficiently stable and do not decompose to toxic material
either through hydrolysis or volatilization. Then there is no
point what so ever in deriding their use.
Von Liebeg’s Law states that the yield of a crop is limited by
the nutrient in least supply. This means that supply of which
ever of the essential building materials is restricted in
terms of quantities required by the plant, it will restrict
the yield. This is compared to a bucket with holes for various
nutrients placed in accordance to amounts required. As these
amounts are met the hole is plugged and nutrient intake
increases to the next critical nutrient element required by
the plant. Maximum genetic potential yields are achieved only
when all holes are plugged. Of course soil, management
systems; cultural practices; climate, environment, mutual
antagonism or stimulation between various minerals and
Negative Growth Factors play their own critical role in
determining yields.
If there are enough nutrients available for the following
yields, total yield will be determined by the least available
nutrient in terms of the plant’s requirements,
Nutrient |
Yield
(Kgs) |
Nitrogen |
1000 |
Phosphorus |
800 |
Potassium |
600 |
Sulfur |
1000 |
Magnesium |
800 |
Calcium |
300 |
Molybdenum |
150 |
The yield will be restricted to 150 Kgs.
It is important to note that this is true for crops of all
kinds, under all management systems and independent of source
or manner of derivation of the plant. In other words this
inescapable fact holds true for Organic; Super Organic;
Smartly Bred or Genetically Modified Organisms.
Therefore our Management requirement is to provide enough
environmentally safe and available forms of nutrients to
fulfill the needs of the plant. This ensures achievement of
genetic potential apart from other factors. These other
factors such as water; climate; cultural practices and control
of Negative Growth Factors (NGF), are also managed in order to
achieve maximum genetic potential (MPG).
The presence of nutrients in compost or manure is negligible
as compared to an intensive crop’s requirements. Intensive
cropping means intensive mining of finite supplies of
nutrients available in any given soil. As we all know, soils
vary greatly in nutrient availability, and inculcation of
compost or manure is one way of replenishing these nutrient
supplies. However, we have seen that there are inefficient and
do not contain enough nutrients to fulfill the plant’s
requirements. Added to this is the fact that particular
nutrient deficient soils will not have sufficient amounts of
that nutrient to cycle into the food chain and will eventually
not only restrict the crop’s yield but will also not be
available to the humans and animals that feed upon plants
grown on such soils. If this element is lacking it will not
find its way either into manure or compost and the cycle of
deficiency will be reinforced. To overcome this the element
has to be obtained externally. Secondly, and more importantly,
it is prohibitively expensive to analyze and update soil
analysis for all elements required by a plant. On the other
hand how much of each nutrient is required by a particular
species of plant for a given yield is known to science.
Does it not then make sense to provide all these nutrients in
a free feeding mode and allow the plant to uptake its
requirements itself? Raising the soil’s fertility gradually
and thus reducing external nutrient requirements can utilize
left over nutrients. It is important to note that most of
these nutrients are required and supplied as trace elements.
Thus toxic build up is not a factor at all.
Apart from Chloride and Nickel, which help a plant to use
urea, a plant needs at least 17 nutrient elements critical for
its survival. Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen constitute over 95%
of a plant’s needs and are supplied from the air and water.
The rest are taken from the soil. Soil pH determines tying
down or availability of Nutrients and 6.8 pH is the break
point as nutrients except Molybdenum and Chlorine are more
easily absorbed in Acidic Soil. Foliar feeding of essential
nutrients is firstly, more efficient (70% foliar absorption
compared with 30% soil borne uptake, radio isotope analysis).
Secondly, the mutual antagonism/ stimulation between various
essential nutrient elements is overcome. Roots act as a
transport system for raw and inorganic nutrient elements to
the leaves where they are converted into food and sent to the
roots for storage. It has been determined that foliar feeding
is six times more efficient for Clay Loam and Organic soils
and 20 times more efficient for sandy loams. Loss by leaching
is 2% for foliar (chelated nutrients) and 70% for soil.
There are some critical periods for plant development wherein
growth and yield increase with increased availability of
nutrients that can be used by the plant. Foliar feeding with
correct combinations of nutrients as required by the plant in
different growth periods will provide increased growth and
vigor resulting in increased yields, weather proofing and
disease resistance.
Another factor that increases yields is the prolonging of root
life after flowering in order to provide longer time for
grain/ fruit to fill. In order to do this we need to keep the
root growing vegetatively during the early period and after
flowering we need to elongate the period of root life.
The hormone balance of a plant is responsible for dictating
its response to environmental factors. Changes in climate
affect hormone balance. This is more in some varieties and
less in others. This is dictated by the genetics of a plant.
Down through the centuries humans have domesticated and then
bred plants for desirable genetic traits. These genetic traits
need to be tapped by the plant and this is only possible
through the support of complete plant nutrition. However,
genetic _expression of potential can be modified to
weatherproof a plant and ensure that climate change has less
impact upon yields.
Plant diseases are directly related to climate, if the crop is
weather proofed it can reduce the use of costly pesticides.
Root growth direction is another hormonal response. Dry
conditions after seed germination result in hormone induced
downwards growth of roots to tap moisture. Wet conditions at
germination promote lateral development. If a plant is treated
with Rooting Hormones it will respond by downwards root
development irrespective of moisture conditions.
Direction of carbohydrate flow is hormone controlled. During
the plant’s Vegetative Growth Period, plants build up their
root systems. Nutrients are absorbed in the lead ¼ inch of new
root hair tissue. Root hormones are also formed here. Any root
tissue over 14 days old is unable to either form new hormones
or absorb nutrients. Thus healthy growth demands continuous
root growth.
Hormones produced in the root tip primarily determine a
plant’s disease resistance.
Availability of Nitrogen in abundance, as is practiced in
Pakistan, at the vegetative stage causes vigorous early plant
growth. However, it will cause rapid root deterioration during
the reproductive stage and lead to plant death. Thus too much
Nitrogen during the vegetative stage upsets the hormone
balance and causes excessive formation of those hormones,
which are produced in the growing points above ground. This
makes the plant top heavy; subject to lodging and will have
negative impact on production. There being fewer stolons and
tubers in potatoes; earlier flower and fruit abortion and less
disease resistance.
During the vegetative stage, if soluble Ca and B are supplied
to a plant the negative affects of excessive N can be
controlled. During the reproductive stage, carbohydrates are
altered from the root and directed towards the growing points
above ground and reproductive tissue. This results in more
ethylene and putrescence causing more disease; physiological
and stress problems as well as more aborting of fruit and
flowers; premature ripening and early plant death. Ethylene
and putrescence are bad hormones or hormones like products,
the plant’s defense against these hormones are other hormones
produced by the roots and Ca stored in the Cystol. It is
possible to change the genetic _expression of a plant so that
bad levels are minimized. This severely curtails yields unless
shift of carbohydrates from the root is modified. Each day a
plant can be kept alive at this stage adds 4% to yields.
Carbohydrates and Proteins are primarily formed in the leaves
and then transferred to the stalks and stems. The vegetative
growing points use carbohydrates from stalks, stems and
branches. If a leaf has enough K, Mg and ABA (hormone), the
leaves are enabled to continuously replenish carbohydrates.
If, however, there is too much IAA (hormone) and Nitrate form
of N, the leaves are unable to keep up the supply of
carbohydrates.
Allelopathy is caused by accumulation of toxins, produced by
the roots of a plant, in its neighboring plant. This reduces
fruitfulness but can be controlled with hormones. It is
possible to treat plants so that they are immune to disease or
develop the capacity in a plant to repair itself after being
infected. Nematodes attack plant roots and introduce toxins
into the plant. It is possible to increase a plant’s
resistance to nematode toxins.
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