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Participatory Disease Surveillance
Dr. Muhammad Rasheed Sahiwal
Concept:
All the animals' diseases have the potential to adversely effect human
population and economy of the country but the transboundry animal's diseases are great threat for the lives of animals / livestock in the global village (WORLD). The Transboundry Animals Diseases (TAD) are causing serious socio economic losses and possible health hazards. Diseases (TAD) are causing serious socio economic losses and possible health hazards. These diseases namely Rinderpest, Food and Mouth and Pestdes Petites Ruminants (PPR) can cause high morbidity and mortality in susceptible animal population and constitute a constant threat to the livelihood of livestock farmers. Further more the losses due to these diseases are such a magnitude that the occurrence may also have a significant detrimental effect on National economics.
It is believed that Rinderpest, still one of the most threatening diseases of animals, which can cause terrible loss but it, can be eradicate with a workable eradication program. Its eradication will improve the profitability of livestock keeping and livestock trading. In those part o f the world where TAD (Transboundry Animals Disease) especially Rinderpest still exists, eradication will be achieved by a process of Participatory disease Surveillance and intensive vaccination of infected population if found. As the Pakistan is not yet been declared as Rinderpest free country the FAO has started a Rinderpest eradication program in collaboration with livestock Department. The necessary training on Participatory Epidemiology was given to the Veterinary Officers nominated by the livestock Department and they were assigned for the Participatory Epidemiology was given to the Veterinary Officers nominated by the livestock Department and they were assigned for the Participatory Disease Surveillance in their respective / allotted districts.
The PDS Team (B) comprises of 3 Vos. Muhammad Rasheed (Team Leader) Dr. Muhammad Ashraf and Dr. Waseem Shahzad started its work in the District Sahiwal, Okara and
Pakpattan.
Objectives:
1. To know the prevalence of Transboundry Animal Diseases (FMD, PPR, RP) in the
villages of District Sahiwal, Okara, and Pakpattan by applying the tools
of Participatory Epidemiology.
2. To observe and record the movement of Livestock from the Livestock markets to other Districts, Provinces, or Countries.
3. To give awareness to the field Veterinary staff and Livestock holders of the area about the importance of early warning and early reaction for the control of TAD
from
Pakistan.
Criteria for the selection of villages for Participatory Disease
High Risk Areas
1. The villages in which the livestock Traders are engaged with Karachi and Peshawar
Livestock markets and they are keeping the livestock in the village / area.
2. The village where the livestock area mainly fed on common grazing area.
3. The village where the livestock are mainly fed on common grazing area.
4. The villages near the boundary of high risk area / village.
Other area
1. The village / area far flung from the metal road and veterinary hospitals.
2. The village / area near or in the river belt.
3. The village / area near the livestock markets.
Work plan
The districts map and livestock population of villages was considered to prepare a work plan to achieve the objectives.
Time and Place
Working for the assignments the assignments the time and place was adjusted which was most convenient to the farmers of the village. From 8:00 to 11:00 in the forenoon session and 16:00 to 19:00 in the afternoon session was the best suitable time for the farmers meetings. To probe in the acutal situation of livestock diseases in the area the map of the village was asked to draw on ground and the team walked through the village. The secondary related asking the different questions to the farmers in the meeting and to the individual farmers / key informants collected data.
Villages Covered in
District Sahiwal 18
District Okara 13
District Pakpattan 09
Total
40
The Total livestock covered
(Buffaloes and Cattle 94100) (Sheep and Goat 62550) (Others 17250)
Total 191150
Mapping
To know the cattle movement in the area/ village the location of Grazing Rea, Water pond, Forest, Canal side and Cattle trespass was observed by mapping. The summery of the mapping exercise for all villages is shown as under.
Grazing Area 8
Forest
7
Water Pond 10
Cattle Trespass 3
Canal side
8
Nil
4
Seasonal Calendar
The onset of different livestock diseases in different seasons of the year was the concern while making the seasonal calendar by the participants of meeting. The result of the exercise done in the villages under operation is shown as below.
Proportional Pilling
The most useful tool of Participatory Epidemiology to know the actual situation of any livestock disease was exercised in every village. 50 beans were used to determine the most significant disease of prevalence and importance for the village
/ area. All the participants showed keen interest and took part in the exercise. The significant diseases after the proportional pilling exercise in the villages of each district are shown as.
Veterinary Coverage
Like the other area / villages of Punjab, the treatment of sick animals is done by the Sianas, Peers and veterinary practitioners including private non-qualified persons.
Qualified
Veterinary Officer
(In Service)
Veterinary Officer
(Retired)
Veterinary Assistant
(In Service)
Veterinary Assistant
(Retired)
Semi Qualified
A.I Technician
Veterinary Village Workers of Milk collection companies and Rural Support Programs
Non Qualified
Sianas
Peer
Employees of Veterinary Institutions School Teachers Dhodhies (Milk Man) Livestock Trader
Conclusions
1. Tools of Participatory Epidemiology are quite helpful to evaluate the disease situation in the village / area. The interest of the farmers / participants was very much appreciable while applying the exercise of mapping, seasonal calendar and proportional pilling.
2. Working with the beans / seeds for the exercise of proportional pilling is very much effective when all the representatives of all groups living in the village are present and participating in the exercise.
3. A reasonable farmers gathering (30-35) in one meeting is more effective having discussion on every aspects.
4. The management and feeding aspects are being ignored by the farmers causing metabolic disorders in their livestock.
5. The livestock diseases such as Hemoglobin urea, Mastitis and prolapsed uterus are main concern for the farmers.
6. The livestock holders of the area/ village are well aware about the severity of Hemorrhagic Septicemia and they are vaccinating their animals.
7. The Foot and Mouth disease was prevailing in the area / villages 3 months back but the farmers have no fear about the disease, as the F&M disease is not causing notable mortality in the livestock.
8. The name of Rinderpest Disease is new for the farmers of area / villages, but the symptoms especially Diarrhea described by the PDS Team leads to think about the PPR in sheep and johnes disease in buffaloes and cattle.
9. The old mend of the area/ village and the farmer that are selling their animals to the traders of Karachi were some time agreed with the symptoms of RP but in Karachi 5-10 year back.
Role of Cattle Markets in Spreading the TAD
The team visited the cattle markets of Okara, Arifwala, Pakpattan and
Chichawatni.
Cattle Market Okara
Location
It is located in the North West corner of Okara city near the 2/4L.
Dates
From 1st to 6th of each month
Area
Along the cannal side nearly in 6 acres
Worth
Rupees 16000000 per annum
Species and Numbers
Buffalos and Cattle nearly 3000 to 3500
Coming from
Hasil pur, Bahawal Nagar, Vehari, Kasure, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Lahore, Faisalabad, Tandlinwala, Okara and Kamalia.
Sold and Transported to
Karachi, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Attock, Rawalpindi and Sialkot
Visited the cattle market Okara to observe and record the movement of Livestock (Buffalo and Cattle). The market remains for 5 days and it started from 1st to 6th of each month. We inquired about the places from where the animals are coming for sale and those were Hasil pur, Bahawal Nagar, Vehari, Kasure, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Lahore, Faisalbad, Tandlinwala, Okara, and Kamalia. We met the contractor of the market and asked about the facilities to be provided to the animals, owners of the animals and livestock traders, which are coming in the market. According to the reply of contractor, it is the responsibility of Tehsil Council to provide necessary facilities to the animals as well as to the livestock traders. Nearly 3000 Buffaloes were there for sale and 90% of these animals are being sold in the market. We interviewed the owners of the buffaloes about the livestock diseases especially which they are facing during the market days.
According to their statement there is no any significant disease as all the animals, which has been brought in the markets, are healthy and free from any disease. We also observed that there were healthy and fresh buffalo in the market.
To look in to the actual situation of transboundry diseses we interviewed the livestock traders that are transporting livestock to Karachi and Peshawar. The sold animals are going to Karachi, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Attock, Rawlpindi and Sialkot. At Peshawar the Nasar Pura is the market where these animals are being sold again.
Cattle Market Arifwala
Location : East South corner of Arifwala city
Dates : From 11th to 13th of each month
Area : Along the roadside nearly in 12 acres
Worth : Rupees 15000000 per annum
Species and Numbers
Buffaloes and Cattle nearly 2500 to 3000
Coming from
Bahawal Nagar, Vehari, Sahiwal, Pakpatan, Okara, Bahawal Pur and Burewala
Sold and Transported to
Karachi, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Attock, Rawalpindi and Lahore.
We visited the cattle market Arifwala to know / observe the livestock movements from Punjab to other parts of country. Nearly 3000 heads especially buffalos are coming in the market for sale and 90% of these animals are being sold and transported to other cattle markets / are of country for slaughtering and milk production.
The necessary facilities like water, drainage, sewerage, shade and fodder are being provided by the contractor but are unsatisfactory.
We interviewed the owners of the buffaloes about the livestock diseases especially which they are facing during the market days. According to their statement there is no any significant disease as all the animals that has been brought in the markets are healthy and free from any disease. We also observed that there were healthy and fresh buffalo in the market.
Regarding the prevalence of RP in the country, the livestock trader of Karachi market is well aware about the symptoms of RP and according the statement of traders the RP disease has been eradicated from Karachi since 1997 as the every animal (Buffalo) going from Punjab is necessarily be vaccinated against RP with
TCRV.
Cattle Market Pakpattan
Location : North of Pakpattan city
Dates : From 15th to 16th of each month
Area : Along the roadside nearly in 12 acres
Worth: Rupees 10000000 per annum
Species and Numbers
Buffaloes and Cattle nearly 2000 to 2500
Coming from
Bahawal Nagar, Vehari, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Okara, Bahawal Pur and Burewala
Sold and Transported to
Karachi, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Attock, Rawalpindi and Lahore
We visited the cattle market Pakpattan to know / observe the livestock movements from Punjab to other parts of country. Nearly 2000 heads especially buffaloes are coming in the market for sale and 80% of these animals are being sold and transported to other cattle markets / area of country for slaughtering and milk production.
The necessary facilities like water, drainage, sewerage, shade and fodder are being provided by the contractor but are unsatisfactory. We interviewed the owners of the buffaloes about the livestock diseases especially which they are facing during the market days. According to their statement there is no any significant disease as all the animals that has been brought in the markets are healthy and free from any disease. We also observed that there were healthy and fresh buffalo in the market.
Regarding the prevalence of Transboundry Animals Diseases in the country, the livestock trader of Karachi market is well aware about the symptoms of RP and according the statement of traders the RP disease has been noticed in the Karachi since 1994.
Cattle Market Chichawatni
Location: West of the Chichawatni city
Dates: From 21th to 23th of each month
Area: Allocated area nearly 20 acres
Worth:Rupees 15000000 per annum
Species and Numbers
Buffaloes and Cattle nearly 4000 to 5000
Coming from
Bahawal Nagar, Vehari, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Okara, Bahawal Pur and Burewala
Sold and Transported to
Karachi, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Attock, Rawalpindi and Lahore.
We visited the cattle market Chichawatni District Sahiwal to know / observe the livestock movements from Punjab to other parts of country. Nealy 5000 heads especially buffaloes are coming in the market from sale and 90% of these animals are being sold and transported to other cattle markets / area of country for slaughtering and milk production.
The necessary facilities like water, drainage, sewerage, shade and fodder are being provided by the contractor but are unsatisfactory. The cattle market area is covered with boundary wall that is insufficient.
We interviewed the owners of the buffaloes about the livestock diseases especially which they are facing during the market days. According to their statement there is no any significant disease as all the animals that has been brought in the markets are healthy and free from any disease. We also observed that there were healthy and fresh buffalo in the market.
Regarding the prevalence of RP in the country, one livestock trader namely Muhammad Ismail Lukhvera stated that his two buffaloes died with the symptoms of diarrhea last year, but we could not confirmed that it was RP.
The cattle market Chickawatni is the biggest cattle markets in Punjab and animal's especially fresh buffaloes are being sold in the market. The 60% of sold animals (Buffalos) are transported to Karachi and Peshawar for milk production and later on being slaughtered for meat purpose.
Observations
· The cattle market visited by the PDS Team reflects the UN organized procedure
being adopted by the local council, contractor, livestock trader, and owner of animals, transporter and livestock department.
· The necessary facilities for the animals as well as for the human being such as Water, Sheds, Living Rooms, Drainage, Sewerage, Feed and Fodder are not available properly in the cattle markets.
· The local councils are earning hand some amount from these cattle markets but 0% of the amount is being spent for the improvement and well fare of the markets.
· The contractor of the market is getting fees and taxes from the livestock owners and livestock traders but provision of necessary facilities is UN satisfactory.
· The middlemen are very active in these markets causing loss for the owner and livestock trader coming from other places of country.
· Some mal practices were noticed by the PDS Team such as
1. Selling the buffaloes that were forced to adopt the newborn calves by a terrible method showing her as fresh calver.
2. Slicing and making the horn short and beautiful with the instruments, so that the buffalo looks younger than other age fellows.
3. By injecting Oxytocin and some time Bostin to produce more milk during the cattle market days.
· The non-availability of veterinary aids and vaccination against contagious diseases was observed.
Names of main Livestock traders working in the different Livestock
markets
Peshawar Market
1. Gul Muhammad S/O Haji Kundan Khan
2. Rehman S/o Pehlwan Khan
3. Murad Khan S/o Umra Khan
4. Latif Khan S/o Umra Khan
Karachi Market
1. Munawar Khan S/o Basharat Khan
2. Naseem S/O Basharat Khan
3. Abdul Sattar S/o Ghulam Haider
4. Khawaja Khan S/o Muhammad Khan
5. Rasheed Ahmad Qureshi S/o Haji Allah Din
6. Sajad Butt S/O Muhammad Sadiq Butt
Gujjranwala Market
1. Ikram S/O Noor Muhammad
2. Zulfiqar S/O Sadiq Guraya
3. Bashir S/O Mula Bukhsh
Rawalpindi Market
1. Qayum Khan S/O Farooq Khan
2. Munawar Khan S/O Muhammad Khan
3. Nasir S/o Bashir Ahmad
4. Abdul Ghafoor S/O Burhan Din
Attock Market
1. Abdul Khaliq S/O Said Muhammad Awan
2. Sadiq S/O Kala Khan Gujjar
3. Islam S/O Abdul Khaliq Gujjar
4. Rustam Khan S/O Hayat Khan
5. Nisar Ahmad S/O Muhammad Saleem
Okara Market
1. Ghulam Muhammad S/O M. Siddique
2. Naik Muhammad Balouch S/O Saad Ullah
3. Jaffar S/O Muhammad Yasin Wato
4. Lashkar S/O Rajab Ali
5. Haji M. Adress
Chichawatni Market
1. Malik Ghulam Rabbani S/O Ghulam Gillani
2. Malik Ihsan ul Haq S/O Muhammad Hassan
3. Javaid Iqbal S/O Haji Ghulam Murtaza
4. Muhammad Ibrahim S/O Nazar Hussain
5. Muhammad Ismail Lakhvera of Bahawalpur
Observations
* The livestock services are being provided on the demand of individual farmer / livestock holder and the field staff is treating the sick animals, which are brought in their notice.
* The treatment services are being provided in the area by the different categories of practitioners such as veterinary Doctors, Veterinary Assistants, A.I Technicians, Sianas, Veterinary village workers and Quacks.
* The treatment of the sick animals is being done on symptomatic grounds rather than the actual diagnosis.
* The TAD (Transboundry Animal Diseases) and other contagious diseases are being handled as sick animals.
* The symptoms e.g Diarrhea and fever are being treated with Desi, Traditional and allopathic mix prescriptions.
* The outbreak of FMD and HS was noticed by the field veterinary staff as well as by the livestock owners during the year.
* The Rinderpest disease is not prevailing in the area / villages.
* The new generation of livestock holder is not familiar with the name of Rinderpest or symptoms like Rinderpest Disease.
* The field veterinary staff is reluctant to record and report any outbreak of livestock diseases in their area.
* The laboratory diagnosis is practicable if necessary chemicals and instruments could be provided at each civil veterinary hospital.
Importance of Ventilation in Control of Salmonella and
E.Coli
By determining the numbers of bacteria in the poultry production environment, improved air ventilation was identified as a prime management practice in preventing "hot spots" of Salmonella and E.coli multiplication in broiler litter or layer manure. The prevention of water leakage was also identified as another important flock health and quality assurance practice.
The study further corroborated: 1) the relationship between litter/ manure humidity and moisture control with the reduction of Salmonella contamination on farms; and 2) that contamination is not uniformly distributed throughout the house but instead, is mainly located in areas that are favorable for bacterial multiplication. A variety of ventilation options are proposed to ensure that air is gently and uniformly distributed at the velocity of 100 feet or more per minute over and in close proximity to all litter and manure surfaces to achieve drier litter / manure and healthier, safer birds.
In this study, the numbers of Salmonella and E. coli in litter / manure related to low levels of humidity (relative humidity of Aw) and moisture content (MC). Drag swabs and individual litter cultures confirmed that high Aw levels (>90 percent) were associated with a higher prevalence of Salmonella if introduced, and E.coli. Furthermore, culture of litter revealed higher Salmonella populations in litter samples processing MC levels above 35 percent and Aw values ranging from 0.9 to 0.95.
Additionally, a quantitative direct relationship between ventilation rates and higher or lower levels of humidity and moisture in poultry litter / manure and Salmonella / E. coli loads in the litter was observed. Very low litter surface airflow rates (<60 feet/ minute) tended to be associated with higher E.coli counts in broiler litter as opposed to elevated airflow rates (>60 fpm), which were associated with reduced E. coli populations. A clear cut trend for Salmonella was not established for broiler litter due to the large number of Salmonella negative samples. However, clearly higher Salmonella counts were observed in layer manure pits away from the fans with very low airflow rtes. For those commercial broiler houses surveyed, decreased airflow was significantly associated with high MC (av. 4.2 percent) and Aw (av. 0.909). Conversely, elevated airflow was associated with lower MC (av. 29.6 percent) and Aw (0.849).
In laboratory studeis on the persistence of Salmonella in litter, used poultry litter was seeded with Salmonella typhimurium, thoroughly stirred, stored at room temperature and tested weekly for Salmonella. Salmonella persisted through the seventh week in the litter by usual culture methods. From eight to 10 weeks, the organism was only isolated by the delayed secondary enrichment procedure, suggesting that Salmonella may survive in the litter in reduced numbers. In a second laboratory study, we were able to verify in vitro that Aw levels play a vital role in the survival and multiplication of Salmonella.
This study suggests that elevated water parameters (Aw 0.9 to 0.95 and MC above 35 percent) may aid in the persistence of and promote large Salmonella and E.coli populations in poultry houses. Modest improvements in ventilation that ensure all litter / manure surfaces have an airflow rate > 100 feet per minute may be important in maintaining drier litter / manure, thus creating an adverse environment for the growth of good-borne pathogens.
| Sr.# |
Season |
Diseses |
| 1 |
Winter |
HS,
FMD, PPHU, Mastitis, Enterotoxaemia, Pleuropnemonia,
Diarrhea and PPR |
| 2 |
Spring |
FMD,
Rheumatism, Tymphny, Ticks, I/Worms and PPR |
| 3 |
Summer |
Rheumatism,
Prolapsed Uterus and Abortion |
| 4 |
Rainy
Season |
HS,
Mastitis, Prolapsed Uterus an Milk fever |
| 5 |
Autumn |
I/Worms,
Tympny and Impaction |
| Sr.# |
District |
Disease
of prevalence |
Disease
of Importance |
| 1 |
Okara |
H.S
FMD |
H.S |
| 2 |
Sahiwal |
F.M.D |
H.S |
| 3 |
Pakpattan |
H.S |
H.S |
Source: Dr. Muhammad Rasheed Sahiwal
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