Generally
four systems of poultry housing followed among the poultry
keepers. The type of housing adopted depends to a large extent
on the amount of ground and the capital available.
Types
of poultry housing:
-
Free
range or extensive system
-
Semi
- intensive system
-
Folding
unit system
-
Intensive
system
-
Battery
system
-
Deep
litter system
Free-range
system:
It
is the oldest one and has been used for centuries by general
farmers, where there is no shortage of land. This system
allows great but not unlimited, space to the birds on land
where they can find an appreciable amount of food in the form
of herbage, seeds and insects. Birds are protected from
predatory animals and infectious diseases including parasitic
infestation. At present due to advantages of intensive methods
the system is almost obsolete.
Semi-intensive
system:
Where
the amount of free space available is limited this system is
adopted, but it is necessary to allow the birds 20-30 square
yards per bird of outside run. Wherever possible this space
should be divided giving a run on either side of the house of
10-15 square yards per bird, thus enabling the birds to move
onto fresh ground.
Folding-unit
system:
This
system of housing is an innovation of recent years. In
portable folding units birds being confined to one small run,
the position is changed each day, giving them fresh ground and
the birds find a considerable proportion of food from the
herbage are healthier and harder. For the farmer the
beneficial effects of scratching and manuring on the land is
another side effect.
The
most convenient folding unit to handle is that which is made
for 25 hens. A floor space of 1 square foot should be allowed
for each bird in the house, and 3 square feet in the run, so
that a total floor space to the whole unit is 4 square feet
per bird, as with the intensive system.
A
suitable measurement for a folding house to take 25 birds is 5
feet wide and 20 feet long, the house being 5 x 5,
one-third of the run. The part nearest the house is covered in
and the remaining 10 open with wire netting sides and top.
Disadvantages
Intensive
System:
This
system is usually adopted where land is limited and expensive.
In this system the birds are confined to the house entirely,
with no access to land outside. This has only been made
possible by admitting the direct rays of the sun on to the
floor of the house so that part of the windows are removable,
or either fold or slide down to permit the ultraviolet rays to
reach the birds. Under the intensive system, Battery (cage
system) and Deep litter methods are most common.
-
Battery
system.
This
is the most intensive type of poultry production and is useful
to those with only a small quantity of floor space at their
disposal. In the battery system each hen is confined to a cage
just large enough to permit very limited movement and allow
her to stand and sit comfortably. The usual floor space is 14
x 16 inches and the height, 17 inches. The floor is of
standard strong galvanised wire set at a slope from back to
the front, so that the eggs as they are laid, roll out of the
cage to a receiving gutter. Underneath is a tray for
droppings. Both food and water receptacles are outside the
cage.
Many
small cages can be assembled together, if necessary it may be
multistoried. The whole structure should be of metal so that
no parasites will be harbored and thorough disinfection can be
carried out as often as required. Provided the batteries of
cages are set up in a place which is well ventilated, and
lighted, is not too hot and is vermin proof and that the food
meets all nutritional needs, this system has proved to be
Advantages:
-
Remarkably
successful in the tropical countries.
-
It
requires a minimum expenditure of energy from the bird as
they spend all time in the shade.
-
It
lessens the load of excess body heat.
-
The
performance of each bird can be noted and culling easily
carried out.
Deep
litter system:
In
this system the poultry birds are kept in large pens up to 250
birds each, on floor covered with litters like straw, saw dust
or leaves up to depth of 8-12 inches. Deep litter resembles to
dry compost. In other words, we can define deep litter, as the
accumulation of the material used for litter with poultry
manure until it reaches a depth of 8 to 12 inches. The
build-up has to be carried out correctly to give desired
results, which takes very little attention.
Suitable
dry organic materials like straw (needs to be cut into 2 or 3
inch lengths), saw dust, leaves, dry grasses, groundnut
shells, broken up maize stalks and cobs, bark of trees in
sufficient quantity to give a depth of about 6 inches in the
pen should be used.
The
droppings of the birds gradually combine with the materials
used to build up the litter. In about 2 months, it has usually
become deep litter, and by 6 months it has become built-up
deep litter. At about 12 months of old stage it is fully built
up. Extra litter materials can be added to maintain sufficient
depth.
The
deep litter pen should be started when the weather is dry, and
is likely to remain so for about 2 months for the operation of
the bacterial action, which alters the composition of the
litters. Start new litter with each years pullets and
continue with it for their laying period.
Advantages
of Deep Litter System:
-
Birds
and eggs are safety as enclosed in deep litter intensive
pen, which has strong wire netting or expanded metal.
-
Built-up
deep litter also supplies some of the food requirements of
the birds. They obtain "Animal Protein Factor"
from deep litter.
-
The
level of coccidiosis and worm infestation is much lower with
poultry kept on good deep litter than with birds (or
chicken) in bare yards. Well managed deep litter kept in dry
condition with no wet spots around waterer has a sterilising
action.
-
With
correct conditions observed with well managed litter there
is no need to clean a pen out for a whole year; the only
attention is the regular stirring and adding of some
material as needed.
-
Generally
35 laying birds can produce in one year about 1 tonne of
deep litter fertilizer. The level of nitrogen in fresh
manure is about 1%, but on well built-up deep litter it may
be around 3% nitrogen (nearly 20% protein). It also contains
about 2% phosphorus and 2% potash. Its value is about 3
times that of cattle manure.
-
It
is a valuable insulating agent, the litter maintains its own
constant temperature, so birds burrow into it when the air
temperature is high and thereby cool themselves. Conversely,
they can warm themselves in the same way when the weather is
very cool.
Basic
Rules for deep litter system:
-
Do
not have too many birds in the pen one bird for every 3
½ to 4 and preferably 5 square feet of floor space.
-
Provide
sufficient ventilation to enable the litter to keep in
correct condition.
-
Keep
the litter dry. This is probably the master work in a deep
litter system. If the litter gets soaked by leaking from
roofs or from water vessels, it upsets the whole process and
would have to start over again. All probable precautions
should be taken to maintain the litters completely dry.
-
Stir
the litter regularly. Turning the litter (just like digging
in a garden) at least once weekly is very important in
maintaining a correct build-up of deep litter.
Courtesy:
Pakissan
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